德吉特·考尔
压疮是医疗保健领域的常见问题,对患者和护理人员来说都是沉重的负担。造成压疮的因素有很多,如摩擦、湿度、温度、压力未缓解、营养不足和活动受限。由于这些因素,外部压力和与剪切力相关的循环中断会造成阻塞。
由于其所处的位置,它很容易受到创伤、阳光、环境污染物等的损害,而这些各种各样的疾病,如压力,都是常见但可预防的疾病,最常见于高危人群,如老年人和因急性或慢性全身性疾病而身体有缺陷的人。
压疮仍然是影响约 300 万成年人的主要健康问题。不同机构的压疮流行病学存在差异:急性护理中压疮发生率为 0.04% 和 38%,长期护理中压疮发生率为 2.2% 和 23.9%,家庭护理中压疮发生率为 17%。印度的压疮患病率为 5.2%,加拿大的急性护理中压疮患病率为 25%,非急性护理中压疮患病率为 30%,混合医疗机构中压疮患病率为 22%,社区中压疮患病率为 15%。
介绍:
“一分预防胜过十分护理”
皮肤是人体最大的器官,无论从表面积还是重量来看,都覆盖着整个身体。外皮系统保护身体、塑造身体形状以及感知周围环境。除了皮肤之外,没有哪个身体器官比皮肤更容易被检查,也更容易受到感染、疾病和伤害。
压疮是医疗保健领域的常见问题,对患者和护理人员来说都是沉重的负担。造成压疮的因素有很多,如摩擦、湿度、温度、压力未缓解、营养不足和活动受限。由于这些因素,外部压力和与剪切力相关的循环中断会造成阻塞。
压疮仍然是影响约 300 万成年人的主要健康问题。压疮流行病学
不同护理机构的溃疡发生率存在差异:急性护理中溃疡发生率为 0.04% 和 38%,长期护理中溃疡发生率为 2.2% 和 23.9%,家庭护理中溃疡发生率为 17%。印度的溃疡发生率为 5.2%,加拿大的溃疡发生率为急性护理中溃疡发生率为 25%,非急性护理中溃疡发生率为 30%,混合医疗机构中溃疡发生率为 22%,社区中溃疡发生率为 15%。
压力性溃疡是指因压力和缺乏运动而引起的疼痛性、通常发红的退化性溃疡,并因接触尿液和皮肤上的刺激性物质而恶化。通常涉及身体突出部位,例如骶骨、肘部、膝盖和脚踝。压力性溃疡的症状是发红、压痛、不适、触摸时区域变冷、局部水肿和坏疽。
第 1 阶段:最浅,表现为不可漂白的红色。在此阶段,皮肤可能比正常情况更热或更冷,具有老化的纹理,或者患者可能会感到疼痛。
第 2 阶段:此阶段表皮受累,溃疡未延伸至真皮。溃疡称为水泡或擦伤。
第 3 阶段:此阶段皮肤全层受损,溃疡可能延伸至皮下组织。可能存在破坏性损伤,导致伤口比表面大得多。
第四阶段:在这个阶段,溃疡变得最深,延伸到肌腱甚至骨头中。改变床上的姿势通常可以减轻任何一点的压力。护理人员需要遵循翻身时间表,并每 15 分钟负责一次。使用支撑面,如特殊的垫子、衬垫、物质和床来减轻压力。保持伤口清洁以防止感染至关重要。
Gupta N、Loong. B 和 Loong. (2011) 指出,以三种方式比较和对比了在两个大都市脊椎病房工作的护理人员和康复训练专家对脊髓损伤患者的压疮、评估、预防和管理的知识。研究表明,两个脊髓损伤病房的回应率为 79% 和 71%,医生的回应率为 46%。
美国开展了压疮知识和管理研究,以确定护士压疮知识和管理结构研讨会是否有助于提高参与者的知识水平。研究结果显示,共有 28 名护士参加了研讨会。将对照测试的分数与教学后的分数进行了比较,发现教学前后 21 个项目的平均分数分别为 11.1[SD, 2.1] 和 14.6 [SD],P<100。以讲座为基础的压疮知识和管理研讨会有助于提高护士的知识水平,并使他们能够克服培训不足。
Schoonhoven L 等(2006)对13名患者进行了一项研究,以评估随访期间不同群体的压疮患病率。结果显示,每周发病率为0.006/周。外科患者的发病率最高,老年病和神经病患者的发病率较低。
Tom Defloor 等人(2005 年)对比利时护士的压疮预防知识和态度进行了研究,目的是评估比利时护士的压疮预防知识和态度。结果显示患病率为 13.55%。约 30% 的患者处于危险之中。只有 13.9% 的患者接受了充分的预防护理。平均知识和态度得分分别为 49.7%-71.3%。
正如 Brown (2003) 在系统评价中所强调的,约 33.3% 的 ICU 患者在出现全层压疮后 30 天死亡,73.3% 的患者在 1 年后死亡。
Skin care is a fundamental nursing skill. Nursing staff may see this as elementary and not feel the need to focus education energy on skin care. There are many nursing homes that do not have access to expert wound care consultation to stay current, especially in rural area.
Nursing staff face an immense challenge in caring for the skin of patients with bed ridden diseases but by treating them holistically and educating both parents and their care giver; worthy skin integrity can be achieved. The key to successful prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers is the administrative process of setting up proper care plan as well as hands on nursing work so that it ensures the provision of high and satisfactory quality care to the patient and contribute a lot in the reduction of hospital stays due to pressure ulcer eruption that is the common complication after any acute and chronic injury that are difficult to treat and cost more. Its mandatory nurses should have good knowledge and practices while they provide care to those patients at risk of development of pressure ulcer.
Lyder H.C et al studied that preventing pressure ulcers had been a nursing concern for many years. Infect Florence Nightingale in 1859 wrote "if she has a bedsore, it's generally not the fault of the disease, but of the nursing". Others view pressure ulcer as a "visible mark of care giver sin associated with poor nonexistent nursing care.
N Gupta et al (2011) was comparing and contrasting knowledge of pressure ulcer, assessment, prevention and management in people with spinal cord injury among nursing staff working into two metropolitan spinal units and rehabilitation training specialist in a three way. The studies shows response was 79% and 71% from the two spinal cord injury units and 46% from doctors. There is also difference in management knowledge among nurses based on work rather than years of experience.
Altum et al (2011) a study of knowledge and management of pressure ulcers was conducted in U.S. The aim of study was to determine if a structure workshop on knowledge and management of pressure ulcers for nurses let to an improvement knowledge in the participants. The results of the study were 28 nurses participated in the workshop. The scores of the control test were compared with the scores after teaching a substantial and statistically significant development was observed (mean 11.1[SD, 2.1] and mean 14.6 [SD 0.9] on 21 items before after teaching respectively P< 100). A lecture base workshop on knowledge and management of pressure ulcers helped improve nurse's knowledge and allows them bed to overcome training deficiencies.
美国的 Janet Guddigen 等人 (2001) 研究表明,长期护理中褥疮的发病率为 0.4% 至 38%,长期护理中为 2.2% 至 23.9%,家庭护理中为 0% 至 17%。急性护理中褥疮的发病率也存在很大差异:10% 至 18%,长期护理中为 2.3% 至 28%,家庭护理中为 0% 至 29%。重症监护室患者由于免疫力低下,褥疮的发病率更高,8% 至 40% 的重症监护室患者会出现褥疮。
简历:Indrajeet kaur 目前就职于 Gov. Senior Secondary Smart School,并被阿联酋菲律宾人奖评选为 2019 年度 Beluga India 专业人士。
第 54 届世界护理与保健大会,2020 年 5 月 13 日至 14 日。
摘要引用:
Inderjeet Kaur,探索护理教育和交流的最新进展,2020 年世界护理大会,第 54 届世界护理与保健大会,2020 年 5 月 13 日至 14 日